One-fourth of children under age 8 with autism spectrum disorder — most of them black or Hispanic — are not being diagnosed, which is critical for improving quality of life.
The findings, published in the journal Autism Research, show that despite growing awareness about autism, it is still under-diagnosed, particularly in black and Hispanic people, said study co-author Walter Zahorodny, an associate professor at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and director of the New Jersey Autism Study, which contributed to the research.
Researchers analyzed the education and medical records of 266,000 children who were 8 years old in 2014, seeking to determine how many of those who showed symptoms of the disorder were not clinically diagnosed or receiving services.
Of the nearly 4,500 children identified, 25 percent were not diagnosed. Most were black or Hispanic males with deficits in mental abilities, social skills and activities of daily living who were not considered disabled.
“There may be various reasons for the disparity, from communication or cultural barriers between minority parents and physicians to anxiety about the complicated diagnostic process and fear of stigma,” Zahorodny said, “Also, many parents whose children are diagnosed later often attribute their first concerns to a behavioral or medical issue rather than a developmental problem.”
Screening all toddlers, preschool and school-age children for autism could help reduce the disparities in diagnosis, Zahorodny said. In addition, clinicians can overcome communication barriers by using pictures and/or employing patient navigators to help families understand the diagnosis process, test results and treatment recommendations.
States can help improve access to care by requiring insurance companies to cover early intervention services when a child is first determined to be at risk rather than waiting for a diagnosis, he said.
The research was conducted through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, a surveillance program funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that tracks the prevalence of the developmental disorder in 11 states: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee and Wisconsin.
From the article -- on insurance and medical diagnosis:
As previously mentioned, one possible benefit of receiving a clinical diagnosis is to facilitate access to appropriate services. Over the past decade, many states have enacted
laws that mandate insurance companies to reimburse evidence-based treatments for ASD; including but not limited to behavioral therapy (e.g., applied behavior analysis),
occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, social skills training, and a combination of these [Barry et al., 2017; Dawson & Burner, 2011; Douglas,
Benevides, & Carretta, 2017; Kasari, 2015; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2015]. However, justification for the medical necessity of therapies is most often needed before insurers will approve and reimburse service requests. Although comprehensive service use and insurance status are not surveyed in ADDM, a clinical diagnosis of ASD may support such justification and help reduce the financial burden of raising a child with special needs by decreasing out-of-pocket premiums. Recognizing and diagnosing children with ASD symptoms may, therefore, facilitate access to appropriate services and reduce financial strain.
